Features •Reviews effects of post-natal growth on the risks of long-term obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia in term and preterm infants •Offers unique tools to assess the growth of preterm and term infants and to identify early signs of growth failure •Provides a clear review of the effects of post-natal growth on neurodevelopment and cognition in term and preterm infants •Includes an extensive examination of the tools and techniques available to customize fortification of human milk using state-of-the-art methods to better meet the needs of preterm infants •Describes how providing more real-time information to clinicians allows improvements in nutritional delivery to preterm infants, and improves outcomes Summary Preterm infants grow poorly after birth and very commonly develop ex utero growth restriction (EUGR). However, the risks and benefits of catch-up growth in preterm infants must be weighed, and evidence addressing this warrants examination.