Covers all aspects of apical periodontitis in root-filled teeth Describes surgical and nonsurgical methods of endodontic retreatment Explains the role of alternatives to retreatment This book is a comprehensive guide to apical periodontitis in root-filled teeth that covers not only all aspects of diagnosis and management but also epidemiology, etiology, consequences, clinical decision-making, and prognosis. There is a particular focus on the available surgical and nonsurgical methods of retreatment designed to restore healthy periapical conditions. Alternatives to retreatment are also explored, including a conservative approach involving monitoring of the diseased tooth without intervention and the option of extraction and replacement with an implant or a fixed prosthesis. The goal of root canal treatment is to save the natural tooth even when tissue breakdown has resulted in pathological conditions of the pulp and periradicular tissue.